Current Protocols in Toxicology
Last Update: February 09, 2012
Page Count: approx. 3,400
Print ISSN: 1934-9254
Online ISSN: 1934-9262
- Overview
- Table of Contents
- New Protocols
- Sample Unit
- Editors & Contributors
Table of Contents
- Foreword
- Preface
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Chapter 1
Toxicological Models
- Introduction
- Unit 1.1 Nonhuman Primates as Animal Models for Toxicology Research
- Unit 1.2 Statistical Approaches to the Design of Toxicology Studies
- Unit 1.3 Transgenic Animals in Toxicology
- Unit 1.4 DNA Microarrays: An Overview of Technologies and Applications to Toxicology
- Unit 1.5 The Use of Fish‐Derived Cell Lines for Investigation of Environmental Contaminants
- Unit 1.6 Sea Urchin Embryos and Larvae as Biosensors for Neurotoxicants
- Unit 1.7 Zebrafish: An Animal Model for Toxicological Studies
- Unit 1.8 Preclinical Models of Parkinson's Disease
- Unit 1.9 The Nematode C. elegans as an Animal Model to Explore Toxicology In Vivo: Solid and Axenic Growth Culture Conditions and Compound Exposure Parameters
- Unit 1.10 Use of Medaka in Toxicity Testing
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Chapter 2
Assessment of Cell Toxicity
- Introduction
- Unit 2.1 Current Concepts in Cell Toxicity
- Unit 2.2 Determination of Apoptosis and Necrosis
- Unit 2.3 Detection of Covalent Binding
- Unit 2.4 Measurement of Lipid Peroxidation
- Unit 2.5 Measurements of Intracellular Free Calcium Concentration in Biological Systems
- Unit 2.6 In Vitro Methods for Detecting Cytotoxicity
- Unit 2.7 In Situ Hybridization Histochemistry
- Unit 2.8 Confocal Microscopy
- Unit 2.9 Measurement of Expression of the HSP70 Protein Family
- Unit 2.10 Analysis of Mitochondrial Dysfunction During Cell Death
- Unit 2.11 Single‐Cell Analysis of Lipid Rafts in Lymphocytes and in T Cell–Containing Immunoconjugates
- Unit 2.12 Detection of the Mitochondrial Apoptosis‐Induced Channel (MAC) and Its Regulation by Bcl‐2 Family Proteins
- Unit 2.13 Mouse Models for Human Hemato‐Lymphopoiesis
- Unit 2.14 Cross‐Species Genetic Toxicity Assessment Accomplished by Flow Cytometric Analysis of Blood
- Unit 2.15 Current Concepts in Drug‐Induced Mitochondrial Toxicity
- Unit 2.16 Fluorescent pH and Oxygen Probes of the Assessment of Mitochondrial Toxicity in Isolated Mitochondria and Whole Cells
- Unit 2.17 Assessment of Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication
- Unit 2.18 Role of Integrative Signaling Through Gap Junctions in Toxicology
- Unit 2.19 Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy: Detecting and Interpreting the Mobility of Transmembrane Proteins In Vivo
- Unit 2.20 Assessment of Mitochondrial Toxicity in HepG2 Cells Cultured in High‐Glucose‐ or Galactose‐Containing Media
- Unit 2.21 Measuring Intracellular hsp70 in Leukocytes by Flow Cytometry
- Unit 2.22 Murine Embryonic Stem Cell Derivation, In Vitro Pluripotency Characterization, and In Vivo Teratoma Formation
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Chapter 3
Genetic Toxicology: Mutagenesis and Adduct Formation
- Introduction
- Unit 3.1 The Salmonella (Ames) Test for Mutagenicity
- Unit 3.2 Measurement of a Malondialdehyde‐DNA Adduct
- Unit 3.3 Mutagenesis Assays in Mammalian Cells
- Unit 3.4 Cell Transformation Assays
- Unit 3.5 Assays for DNA Damage
- Unit 3.6 Detecting Epigenetic Changes: DNA Methylation
- Unit 3.7 Assays for Detecting Chromosomal Aberrations
- Unit 3.8 Methods for Measuring DNA Adducts and Abasic Sites I: Isolation, Purification, and Analysis of DNA Adducts in Intact DNA
- Unit 3.9 Methods for Measuring DNA Adducts and Abasic Sites II: Methods for Measurement of DNA Adducts
- Unit 3.10 Analysis of Mismatch Repair in Human Nuclear Extracts
- Unit 3.11 High‐Throughput Assays for Assessing Mitochondrial Dysfunction Caused by Compounds that Impair mtDNA‐Encoded Protein Levels in Eukaryotic Cells
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Chapter 4
Techniques for Analysis of Chemical Biotransformation
- Introduction
- Unit 4.1 Measurement of Cytochrome P‐450
- Unit 4.2 Purification of Cytochrome P‐450 Enzymes
- Unit 4.3 Measurements of UDP‐ Glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) Activities
- Unit 4.4 Detection of Metabolites Using High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry
- Unit 4.5 Measurement of Aryl and Alcohol Sulfotransferase Activity
- Unit 4.6 Measuring the Activity of Arylamine N‐Acetyltransferase (NAT)
- Unit 4.7 Measurement of Carboxylesterase (CES) Activities
- Unit 4.8 Analysis of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) Signal Transduction Pathway
- Unit 4.9 Measurements of Flavin‐Containing Monooxygenase (FMO) Activities
- Unit 4.10 Assays for the Classification of Two Types of Esterases: Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases and Phosphoric Triester Hydrolases
- Unit 4.11 Techniques for Measuring the Activity of Carboxylic Acid:CoA Ligase and Acyl‐CoA:Amino Acid N‐Acyltransferase: The Amino Acid Conjugation Pathway
- Unit 4.12 Determination of Paraoxonase 1 Status and Genotypes at Specific Polymorphic Sites
- Unit 4.13 Human Cytochrome P450: Metabolism of Testosterone by CYP3A4 and Inhibition by Ketoconazole
- Unit 4.14 Biotransformation Studies Using Rat Proximal Tubule Cells
- Unit 4.15 TaqMan Real Time–Polymerase Chain Reaction Methods for Determination of Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Human N‐Acetyltransferase‐1 (NAT1) and ‐2 (NAT2)
- Unit 4.16 Evaluation of the Cytochrome b5/Cytochrome b5 Reductase Pathway
- Unit 4.17 Measurement of Xenobiotic Carbonyl Reduction in Human Liver Fractions
- Unit 4.18 Aldehyde Dehydrogenases: Measurement of Activities and Protein Levels
- Unit 4.19 Measurement of Human Cytochrome P4501A2 (CYP1A2) Activity In Vitro
- Unit 4.20 NMR Analysis of Thiodiglycol Oxidation by Mammalian Alcohol Dehydrogenases
- Unit 4.21 Monoamine Oxidase Assays
- Unit 4.22 Biochemical and Genetic Analysis of NAD(P)H:Quinone Oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1)
- Unit 4.23 Measurement of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase (sEH) Activity
- Unit 4.24 Enzymatic Activity of Human Carboxylesterases
- Unit 4.25 In Vitro Evaluation of Metabolic Drug‐Drug Interactions: A Descriptive and Critical Commentary
- Unit 4.26 Assays for S‐Adenosylmethionine (AdoMet/SAM)‐Dependent Methyltransferases
- Unit 4.27 Measurement of In Vitro Cytochrome P450 2B6 Activity
- Unit 4.28 Azoreductase in Staphylococcus aureus
- Unit 4.29 Measurement of Phenylalanine Monooxygenase (PAH) Activities
- Unit 4.30 Co‐Oxidation by Cyclooxygenases
- Unit 4.31 An Overview of Arsenic Metabolism and Toxicity
- Unit 4.32 In Vitro Assays of Inorganic Arsenic Methylation
- Unit 4.33 Analysis of Arsenical Metabolites in Biological Samples
- Unit 4.34 Purification of Arsenic (+3 Oxidation State) Methyltransferase from Rat Liver Cytosol
- Unit 4.35 Manipulation of Expression of Arsenic (+3 Oxidation State) Methyltransferase in Cultured Cells
- Unit 4.36 Measurement of Cysteine S‐Conjugate β‐Lyase Activity
- Unit 4.37 Aldehyde Reduction by Cytochrome P450
- Unit 4.38 CYP1B1 Detection
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Chapter 5
Toxicokinetics
- Introduction
- Unit 5.1 Measurement of Bioavailability: Measurement of Absorption Through Skin In Vitro
- Unit 5.2 Measurement of Bioavailability: Measuring Absorption Through Skin In Vivo in Rats and Humans
- Unit 5.3 Measurement of Disposition Half‐Life, Clearance, and Residence Times
- Unit 5.4 Isolated Perfused Porcine Skin Flap
- Unit 5.5 Porcine Skin Flow‐Through Diffusion Cell System
- Unit 5.6 Toxicant Transport by P‐Glycoprotein
- Unit 5.7 Collection of Bile and Urine Samples for Determining the Urinary and Hepatobiliary Disposition of Xenobiotics in Mice
- Unit 5.8 Determination of ADME and Bioavailability Following Intravenous, Oral, and Dermal Routes of Exposure
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Chapter 6
The Glutathione Pathway
- Introduction
- Unit 6.1 Overview of Glutathione Function and Metabolism
- Unit 6.2 Measurement of Glutathione and Glutathione Disulfide
- Unit 6.3 Measurement of Glutathione Transport
- Unit 6.4 Measurement of Glutathione Transferases
- Unit 6.5 HPLC‐Based Assays for Enzymes of Glutathione Biosynthesis
- Unit 6.6 γ‐Glutamyl Transpeptidase Activity Assay
- Unit 6.7 Oxidant‐Induced Regulation of Glutathione Synthesis
- Unit 6.8 Measurement of Glutathione Conjugates
- Unit 6.9 Coenzyme A and Coenzyme A‐Glutathione Mixed Disulfide Measurements by HPLC
- Unit 6.10 Overview of Protein Glutathionylation
- Unit 6.11 Measurement of Protein Glutathionylation
- Unit 6.12 Glutathione‐Dependent Bioactivation
- Unit 6.13 Methods for Measuring Cysteine S‐Conjugate β‐Lyase Activity
- Unit 6.14 Measurement of Aminoacylases
- Unit 6.15 Measurement of Cysteine Dioxygenase Activity and Protein Abundance
- Unit 6.16 Glutamate Cysteine Ligase (GCL) Transgenic and Gene‐Targeted Mice for Controlling Glutathione Synthesis
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Chapter 7
Assessment of the Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes
- Introduction
- Unit 7.1 Analysis of Glutathione‐Related Enzymes
- Unit 7.2 Measurement of Glutathione Reductase Activity
- Unit 7.3 Analysis of Superoxide Dismutase Activity
- Unit 7.4 Measurement of Thioredoxin and Thioredoxin Reductase
- Unit 7.5 Measurement of MnSOD and CuZnSOD Activity in Mammalian Tissue Homogenates
- Unit 7.6 Measurement of Ascorbic Acid and Dehydroascorbic Acid in Biological Samples
- Unit 7.7 Catalase Activity Assays
- Unit 7.8 Measurement of the Vitamin E Metabolites, Carboxyethyl Hydroxychromans (CEHCs), in Biological Samples
- Unit 7.9 Overview of Peroxiredoxins in Oxidant Defense and Redox Regulation
- Unit 7.10 Measurement of Peroxiredoxin Activity
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Chapter 8
Heme Synthesis Pathway
- Introduction
- Unit 8.1 The Heme Biosynthesis Pathway and Clinical Manifestations of Abnormal Function
- Unit 8.2 Measurement of ALA Synthase Activity
- Unit 8.3 Measurement of Heme Concentration
- Unit 8.4 Measurement of Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase Activity
- Unit 8.5 Measurement of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase Activity
- Unit 8.6 Measurement of δ‐Aminolevulinate Dehydratase Activity
- Unit 8.7 Measurement of Ferrochelatase Activity
- Unit 8.8 Measurement of Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin Concentration by Double Extraction and Spectrofluorometry
- Unit 8.9 HPLC Methods for Analysis of Porphyrins in Biological Media
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Chapter 9
Heme Degradation Pathway
- Introduction
- Unit 9.1 Overview of Heme Degradation Pathway
- Unit 9.2 Detection of Heme Oxygenase Activity by Measurement of CO
- Unit 9.3 Detection of Heme Oxygenase 1 and 2 Proteins and Bilirubin Formation
- Unit 9.4 Detection of Biliverdin Reductase Activity
- Unit 9.5 Histochemical Analysis of Heme Degradation Enzymes
- Unit 9.6 An HPLC Method to Detect Heme Oxygenase Activity
- Unit 9.7 Functional Analysis of the Heme Oxygenase‐1 Gene Promoter
- Unit 9.8 Quantitation of Human Heme Oxygenase (HO‐1) Copies by Competitive RT‐PCR
- Unit 9.9 Purification and Characterization of Heme Oxygenase
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Chapter 10
The Nitric Oxide/Guanylate Cyclase Pathway
- Introduction
- Unit 10.1 Overview of the Pathway and Functions of Nitric Oxide
- Unit 10.2 Assay of Tissue Activity of Nitric Oxide Synthase
- Unit 10.3 Detection of Nitrosated Proteins
- Unit 10.4 Fluorometric Techniques for the Detection of Nitric Oxide and Metabolites
- Unit 10.5 Measurement of cGMP and Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase Activity
- Unit 10.6 Histochemical Analysis of Nitric Oxide Synthase by NADPH Diaphorase Staining
- Unit 10.7 Immunocytochemical Analysis of Cyclic Nucleotides
- Unit 10.8 Methods for Distinguishing Nitrosative and Oxidative Chemistry of Reactive Nitrogen Oxide Species Derived from Nitric Oxide
- Unit 10.9 Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression
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Chapter 11
Neurotoxicology
- Introduction
- Unit 11.1 Overview of Neurotoxicology
- Unit 11.2 Neurobehavioral Screening in Rodents
- Unit 11.3 Assessment of Spatial Memory
- Unit 11.4 Advanced Behavioral Testing in Rodents: Assessment of Cognitive Function in Animals
- Unit 11.5 Testing for Organophosphate‐Induced Delayed Polyneuropathy
- Unit 11.6 Risk Assessment and Neurotoxicology
- Unit 11.7 Neurobehavioral Testing in Humans
- Unit 11.8 Mouse Models of Global Cerebral Ischemia
- Unit 11.9 Mouse Models of Focal Cerebral Ischemia
- Unit 11.10 Principles of Electrophysiology: An Overview
- Unit 11.11 Electrophysiological Studies of Neurotoxicants on Central Synaptic Transmission in Acutely Isolated Brain Slices
- Unit 11.12 Whole‐Cell Patch‐Clamp Electrophysiology of Voltage‐Sensitive Channels
- Unit 11.13 Detection and Assessment of Xenobiotic‐Induced Sensory Neuropathy
- Unit 11.14 Methods to Produce Brain Hyperthermia
- Unit 11.15 Experimental Models of Hypoxic‐Ischemic Encephalopathy: Hypoxia‐Ischemia in the Immature Rat
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Chapter 12
Biochemical and Molecular Neurotoxicology
- Introduction
- Unit 12.1 Biochemical Approaches to Studying Neurotoxicity
- Unit 12.2 Development of an In Vitro Blood‐Brain Barrier
- Unit 12.3 Culturing Rat Hippocampal Neurons
- Unit 12.4 Isolation of Neonatal Rat Cortical Astrocytes for Primary Cultures
- Unit 12.5 Analytical Cytology: Applications to Neurotoxicology
- Unit 12.6 Estimating Cell Number in the Central Nervous System by Stereological Methods: The Optical Disector and Fractionator
- Unit 12.7 Isolation of Cerebellar Granule Cells from Neonatal Rats
- Unit 12.8 Measurement of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein
- Unit 12.9 Aggregating Neural Cell Cultures
- Unit 12.10 Coculturing Neurons and Glial Cells
- Unit 12.11 Determining the Ability of Xenobiotic Metals to Bind a Specific Protein Domain by Electrophoresis
- Unit 12.12 Morphological Measurement of Neurotoxic Injury in the Peripheral Nervous System: Preparation of Material for Light and Transmission Electron Microscopic Evaluation
- Unit 12.13 Determination of Cholinesterase in Blood and Tissue
- Unit 12.14 Measurement of Isoprostanes as Markers of Oxidative Stress in Neuronal Tissue
- Unit 12.15 Application of Single‐Cell Microfluorimetry to Neurotoxicology Assays
- Unit 12.16 Morphometric Analysis in Neurodegenerative Disorders
- Unit 12.17 Neonatal Rat Primary Microglia: Isolation, Culturing, and Selected Applications
- Unit 12.18 Cellular fura‐2 Manganese Extraction Assay (CFMEA)
- Unit 12.19 Methods to Assess Neuroinflammation
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Chapter 13
Teratology
- Introduction
- Unit 13.1 Overview of Teratology
- Unit 13.2 Rat Embryo Cultures for In Vitro Teratology
- Unit 13.3 Micromass Cultures in Teratology
- Unit 13.4 Using Chicken Embryos for Teratology Studies
- Unit 13.5 In Vivo Assessment of Prenatal Developmental Toxicity in Rodents
- Unit 13.6 Organ Culture of Midfacial Tissue and Secondary Palate
- Unit 13.7 Overview of Behavioral Teratology
- Unit 13.8 Statistical Analysis of Behavioral Data
- Unit 13.9 Methods in the Analysis of Maternal Behavior in the Rodent
- Unit 13.10 Scoring of Social Interactions and Play in Mice During Adolescence
- Unit 13.11 Scoring Learning and Memory in Developing Rodents
- Unit 13.12 Analysis of Ultrasonic Vocalizations Emitted by Infant Rodents
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Chapter 14
Hepatotoxicology
- Introduction
- Unit 14.1 Overview of Hepatotoxicity
- Unit 14.2 Preparation of Hepatocytes
- Unit 14.3 Small Animal Models of Hemorrhagic Shock–Induced Liver Dysfunction
- Unit 14.4 Isolation of Liver Kupffer Cells
- Unit 14.5 Measurement of Hepatobiliary Transport
- Unit 14.6 Measuring Covalent Binding in Hepatotoxicity
- Unit 14.7 A Rat Primary Hepatocyte Culture Model for Aging Studies
- Unit 14.8 Assessment of Mitochondrial Dysfunction Arising from Treatment with Hepatotoxicants
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Chapter 15
Gene Targeting
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Chapter 16
Male Reproductive Toxicology
- Introduction
- Unit 16.1 In Vivo Models for Male Reproductive Toxicology
- Unit 16.2 Guidelines for Mating Rodents
- Unit 16.3 Histopathology of the Male Reproductive System I: Techniques
- Unit 16.4 Histopathology of the Male Reproductive System II: Interpretation
- Unit 16.5 Monitoring Endocrine Function in Males: Using Intra‐Atrial Cannulas to Monitor Plasma Hormonal Dynamics in Toxicology Experiments
- Unit 16.6 Epididymal Sperm Count
- Unit 16.7 Performing a Testicular Spermatid Head Count
- Unit 16.8 Transgenerational (In Utero/Lactational) Exposure to Investigate the Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDCs) in Rats
- Unit 16.9 Hershberger Assay to Investigate the Effects of Endocrine‐Disrupting Compounds with Androgenic or Antiandrogenic Activity in Castrate‐Immature Male Rats
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Chapter 17
Oxidative Stress
- Introduction
- Unit 17.1 Formation and Functions of Protein Sulfenic Acids
- Unit 17.2 Measurement of Protein Sulfenic Acid Content
- Unit 17.3 Fluorescence Microplate Reader Measurement of Tissue Susceptibility to Lipid Peroxidation
- Unit 17.4 In Situ Localization of Nonenzymatic Peroxidase‐Like Activity of Tissue‐Bound Transition Metals
- Unit 17.5 F2‐Isoprostanes as Markers of Oxidant Stress: An Overview
- Unit 17.6 Quantification of F2‐Isoprostanes by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry as a Measure of Oxidant Stress
- Unit 17.7 Immuno‐Spin Trapping: Detection of Protein‐Centered Radicals
- Unit 17.8 Detection of Stress Proteins as Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress
- Unit 17.9 Identification and Characterization of Oxylipid‐Protein and Peptide Conjugates by Mass Spectrometry
- Unit 17.10 Complex I Assay in Mitochondrial Preparations from CNS
- Unit 17.11 Measuring Electrophile Stress
- Unit 17.12 Thioredoxin Redox Western Analysis
- Unit 17.13 Transcription Factor Nrf2: Examination of Nuclear Protein Levels by Immunoblotting and Promoter Response Element Binding by Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP)
- Unit 17.14 LC‐MS/MS Quantitation of Mercapturic Acid Conjugates of Lipid Peroxidation Products as Markers of Oxidative Stress
- Unit 17.15 High‐Throughput, Multiplexed Analysis of 3‐Nitrotyrosine in Individual Proteins
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Chapter 18
Immunotoxicology
- Introduction
- Unit 18.1 Associating Changes in the Immune System with Clinical Diseases for Interpretation in Risk Assessment
- Unit 18.2 Local Lymph Node Assays
- Unit 18.3 Murine Asthma Models
- Unit 18.4 Use of Bronchoalveolar Lavage to Detect Lung Injury
- Unit 18.5 Measuring Lymphocyte Transcription Factor Activity by ELISA
- Unit 18.6 Measuring the Activity of Cytolytic Lymphocytes
- Unit 18.7 Solid‐Phase Immunoassays
- Unit 18.8 Immune Cell Phenotyping Using Flow Cytometry
- Unit 18.9 In Vitro Model for Modulation of Helper T Cell Differentiation and Activation
- Unit 18.10 Host Resistance Model to an Intracellular Pathogen
- Unit 18.11 Analysis of Immunotoxicity by Enumeration of Antibody‐Producing B Cells
- Unit 18.12 The Reporter Antigen Popliteal Lymph Node Assay
- Unit 18.13 Fluorescence Microscopy and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Peyer's Patches and Intestinal Immune Cells
- Unit 18.14 Analysis of Modulation of Immunoglobulin Gene Expression
- Unit 18.15 Developmental Immunotoxicity (DIT): Assays for Evaluating Effects of Exogenous Agents on Development of the Immune System
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Chapter 19
Regulatory Testing
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Chapter 20
Alternative Methodologies in Toxicology
- Introduction
- Unit 20.1 Overview of Alternative Methodologies in Toxicology
- Unit 20.2 CFU‐GM Assay for Evaluation of Drug Myelotoxic Activity
- Unit 20.3 The Syrian Hamster Embryo (SHE) Low pH Cell Transformation Assay
- Unit 20.4 Neutral Red Uptake Cytotoxicity Tests for Estimating Starting Doses for Acute Oral Toxicity Tests
- Unit 20.5 CFU‐MK Assay for Acute Thrombocytopenia
- Unit 20.6 Caco‐2 Cells as a Model for Intestinal Absorption
- Unit 20.7 The Local Lymph Node Assay (LLNA)
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Chapter 21
Gastrointestinal Toxicology
- Introduction
- Unit 21.1 Overview of Gastrointestinal Toxicology
- Unit 21.2 Methods to Measure Gastric Mucosal Lesions in the Rat
- Unit 21.3 Assessment of Enteral Bacteria
- Unit 21.4 Assessment of Ischemic Vascular Damage
- Unit 21.5 Measurement of Gastric Acid Secretion in the Anaesthetized Rat
- Unit 21.6 Endogenous Gastric Mediators: Patho‐Physiological Role and Measurements
- Unit 21.7 Measurement of Small Intestinal Damage
- Unit 21.8 Assessment of Gastrointestinal Motility Using Three Different Assays In Vitro
- Unit 21.9 Assessment of Gastrointestinal Propulsive Activity Using Three Different Models of Peristalsis In Vivo in the Mouse
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Chapter 22
Stem Cells in Toxicology
- Introduction
- Unit 22.1 Using Chemotherapeutic Drugs to Trigger Hematopoietic Stem Cell Activation and Determine Hematological Toxicity
- Unit 22.2 Isolation and Applications of Prostate Side Population Cells Based on Dye Cycle Violet Efflux
- Unit 22.3 Preparation of Epithelial and Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Murine Mammary Gland
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Appendix 1
Useful Information
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Appendix 2
Laboratory Stock Solutions and Equipment
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Appendix 3
Commonly Used Techniques
- Appendix 3A Molecular Biology Techniques
- Appendix 3B Techniques for Mammalian Cell Tissue Culture
- Appendix 3C Enzymatic Amplification of DNA by PCR: Standard Procedures and Optimization
- Appendix 3D Detection and Quantitation of Radiolabeled Proteins in Gels and Blots
- Appendix 3E Northern Blot Analysis of RNA
- Appendix 3F One‐Dimensional SDS Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins
- Appendix 3G Spectrophotometric Determination of Protein Concentration
- Appendix 3H Dialysis and Concentration of Protein Solutions
- Appendix 3I The Colorimetric Detection and Quantitation of Total Protein
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Appendix
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