Current Protocols in Cytometry

Table of Contents

• Foreword
• Preface
• Chapter 1 Flow Cytometry Instrumentation
  • Introduction
  • Unit 1.1 Overview of Flow Cytometry Instrumentation
  • Unit 1.2 Fluidics
  • Unit 1.3 Standardization, Calibration, and Control in Flow Cytometry
  • Unit 1.4 Establishing and Maintaining System Linearity
  • Unit 1.5 Optical Filter Sets for Multiparameter Flow Cytometry
  • Unit 1.6 Laser Beam Shaping and Spot Size
  • Unit 1.7 High‐Speed Cell Sorting
  • Unit 1.8 Principles of Gating
  • Unit 1.9 Lasers for Flow Cytometry
  • Unit 1.10 Techniques for Flow Cytometer Alignment
  • Unit 1.11 Flow Cytometers for Characterization of Microorganisms
  • Unit 1.12 Principles of Resonance Energy Transfer
  • Unit 1.13 Light Scatter: Detection and Usage
  • Unit 1.14 Compensation in Flow Cytometry
  • Unit 1.15 Time‐Resolved Fluorescence Measurements
  • Unit 1.16 Simultaneous Analysis of the Cyan, Green, and Yellow Fluorescent Proteins
  • Unit 1.17 Plug Flow Cytometry
  • Unit 1.18 Dynamic Thermoregulation of the Sample in Flow Cytometry
  • Unit 1.19 Excitation and Emission Spectra of Common Dyes
  • Unit 1.20 Characterization of Flow Cytometer Instrument Sensitivity
  • Unit 1.21 Separation Index: An Easy‐to‐Use Metric for Evaluation of Different Configurations on the Same Flow Cytometer
  • Unit 1.23 Pulse Width for Particle Sizing
  • Unit 1.24 Practical Issues in High‐Speed Cell Sorting
  • Unit 1.25 Capture of Fluorescence Decay Times by Flow Cytometry
• Chapter 2 Image Cytometry Instrumentation
  • Introduction
  • Unit 2.1 Contrast Enhancement in Light Microscopy
  • Unit 2.2 Microscope Objectives
  • Unit 2.3 Light Microscopy Digital Imaging
  • Unit 2.4 Optical Filters for Wavelength Selection in Fluorescence Instrumentation
  • Unit 2.5 Digital Fluorescence Microscopy
  • Unit 2.6 Calibration: Sampling Density and Spatial Resolution
  • Unit 2.7 Microscope Alignment
  • Unit 2.8 Confocal Microscopy: Principles and Practices
  • Unit 2.9 Multi‐Photon Imaging
  • Unit 2.10 Scanning Laser Cytometry
  • Unit 2.11 Shading Correction: Compensation for Illumination and Sensor Inhomogeneities
  • Unit 2.12 Photobleaching Measurements of Diffusion in Cell Membranes and Aqueous Cell Compartments
  • Unit 2.13 Optimizing Laser Source Operation for Confocal and Multiphoton Laser Scanning Microscopy
  • Unit 2.14 Methods and Applications of Laser‐Enabled Analysis and Processing (LEAP)
  • Unit 2.15 Measurement of Molecular Mobility with Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy
  • Unit 2.16 Evaluation and Purchase of Confocal Microscopes: Numerous Factors to Consider
• Chapter 3 Safety Procedures and Quality Control
  • Introduction
  • Unit 3.1 Principles of Quality Control
  • Unit 3.2 Components of Quality Control
  • Unit 3.3 Testing the Efficiency of Aerosol Containment During Cell Sorting
  • Unit 3.4 Safe Use of Hazardous Chemicals
  • Unit 3.5 Method for Visualizing Aerosol Contamination in Flow Sorters
  • Unit 3.6 Standard Safety Practices for Sorting of Unfixed Cells
• Chapter 4 Molecular and Cellular Probes
  • Introduction
  • Unit 4.1 Titering Antibodies
  • Unit 4.2 Conjugation of Fluorochromes to Monoclonal Antibodies
  • Unit 4.3 Nucleic Acid Probes
  • Unit 4.4 Cellular Function Probes
  • Unit 4.5 Spectroscopic Analysis Using DNA and RNA Fluorescent Probes
  • Unit 4.6 Flow Cytometric Sorting of Bacterial Surface‐Displayed Libraries
  • Unit 4.7 Construction and Screening of Antigen Targeted Immune Yeast Surface Display Antibody Libraries
• Chapter 5 Specimen Handling, Storage, and Preparation
  • Introduction
  • Unit 5.1 Handling, Storage, and Preparation of Human Blood Cells
  • Unit 5.2 Handling, Storage, and Preparation of Human Tissues
  • Unit 5.3 Flow Analysis and Sorting of Plant Chromosomes
• Chapter 6 Phenotypic Analysis
  • Introduction
  • Unit 6.1 Quality Control in Phenotypic Analysis by Flow Cytometry
  • Unit 6.2 Immunophenotyping
  • Unit 6.3 High‐Sensitivity Immunofluorescence/Flow Cytometry: Detection of Cytokine Receptors and Other Low‐Abundance Membrane Molecules
  • Unit 6.4 Enumeration of CD34+ Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells
  • Unit 6.5 Immunophenotypic Analysis of Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes
  • Unit 6.6 Immunophenotypic Analysis of Human Mast Cells by Flow Cytometry
  • Unit 6.7 Measurement of CD40 Ligand (CD154) Expression on Resting and In Vitro–Activated T Cells
  • Unit 6.8 Enumeration of Absolute Cell Counts Using Immunophenotypic Techniques
  • Unit 6.9 Immunophenotypic Identification, Enumeration, and Characterization of Human Peripheral Blood Dendritic Cells and Dendritic‐Cell Precursors
  • Unit 6.10 Immunophenotypic Analysis of Platelets
  • Unit 6.11 Immunophenotypic Analysis of PNH Cells
  • Unit 6.12 Quantitative Flow Cytometric Analysis of Membrane Antigen Expression
  • Unit 6.13 Immunophenotyping Using a Laser Scanning Cytometer
  • Unit 6.14 Enzymatic Amplification Staining for Cell Surface Antigens
  • Unit 6.15 Whole Blood Analysis of Leukocyte‐Platelet Aggregates
  • Unit 6.16 Flow Cytometric Assessment of HLA Alloantibodies
  • Unit 6.17 Enumeration of Fetal Red Blood Cells, F Cells, and F Reticulocytes in Human Blood
  • Unit 6.18 Identification of Human Antigen‐Specific T Cells Using MHC Class I and Class II Tetramers
  • Unit 6.19 ZAP‐70 Staining in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
  • Unit 6.20 Multiparameter Analysis of Intracellular Phosphoepitopes in Immunophenotyped Cell Populations by Flow Cytometry
  • Unit 6.21 Ten‐Color Immunophenotyping of Hematopoietic Cells
  • Unit 6.22 Flow Cytometric Screening for the HLA‐B27 Antigen on Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes
  • Unit 6.23 Immunophenotyping of Plasma Cells
  • Unit 6.24 Flow Rate Calibration for Absolute Cell Counting Rationale and Design
  • Unit 6.25 Flow Cytometric Immunophenotyping of Cerebrospinal Fluid
  • Unit 6.26 Calibration of Flow Cytometry for Quantitative Quantum Dot Measurements
  • Unit 6.27 Assessment of Beta Cell Viability
  • Unit 6.28 Measurement of T Cell Activation After 16‐hr In Vitro Stimulation with Concanavalin A
  • Unit 6.29 Titration of Fluorochrome‐Conjugated Antibodies for Labeling Cell Surface Markers on Live Cells
  • Unit 6.30 Phenotypic Analysis Using Very Small Volumes of Blood
  • Unit 6.31 Fluorescent Cell Barcoding for Multiplex Flow Cytometry
  • Unit 6.32 Quantitative Assessment of Pancreatic Islets Using Laser Scanning Cytometry
• Chapter 7 Nucleic Acid Analysis
  • Introduction
  • Unit 7.1 Overview of Nucleic Acid Analysis
  • Unit 7.2 Critical Aspects in Analysis of Cellular DNA Content
  • Unit 7.3 Differential Staining of DNA and RNA
  • Unit 7.4 Analysis of DNA Content and DNA Strand Breaks for Detection of Apoptotic Cells
  • Unit 7.5 DNA Content Measurement for DNA Ploidy and Cell Cycle Analysis
  • Unit 7.6 Analysis of Nuclear DNA Content and Ploidy in Higher Plants
  • Unit 7.7 Analysis of DNA Content and BrdU Incorporation
  • Unit 7.8 Analysis of DNA Denaturation
  • Unit 7.9 Bivariate Analysis of DNA Content and Expression of Cyclin Proteins
  • Unit 7.10 Flow Cytometric Analysis of Reticulated Platelets
  • Unit 7.11 Assessment of Viability, Immunofluorescence, and DNA Content
  • Unit 7.12 Flow Cytometric Analysis of RNA Synthesis by Detection of Bromouridine Incorporation
  • Unit 7.13 Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay for Fertility Assessment
  • Unit 7.14 Analysis of Cell Proliferation and Cell Survival by Continuous BrdU Labeling and Multivariate Flow Cytometry
  • Unit 7.15 Ultraviolet‐Induced Detection of Halogenated Pyrimidines (UVID)
  • Unit 7.16 Analysis of DNA Content and Green Fluorescent Protein Expression
  • Unit 7.17 Analysis of Viral Infection and Viral and Cellular DNA and Proteins by Flow Cytometry
  • Unit 7.18 Apoptosis Signaling Pathways
  • Unit 7.19 Flow Cytometry of Apoptosis
  • Unit 7.20 Analysis of Fine‐Needle Aspirate Biopsies from Solid Tumors by Laser Scanning Cytometry (LSC)
  • Unit 7.21 Measurement of Cytogenetic Damage in Rodent Blood with a Single‐Laser Flow Cytometer
  • Unit 7.22 Analysis of Tissue Imprints by Scanning Laser Cytometry
  • Unit 7.23 Cell Cycle Analysis of Budding Yeast Using SYTOX Green
  • Unit 7.24 Detection of Mitotic Cells
  • Unit 7.25 DRAQ5 Labeling of Nuclear DNA in Live and Fixed Cells
  • Unit 7.26 Assessment of Telomere Length, Phenotype, and DNA Content
  • Unit 7.27 Detection of Histone H2AX Phosphorylation on Ser‐139 as an Indicator of DNA Damage (DNA Double‐Strand Breaks)
  • Unit 7.28 RNA and DNA Aptamers in Cytomics Analysis
  • Unit 7.29 Nuclear DNA Content Analysis of Plant Seeds by Flow Cytometry
  • Unit 7.30 Estimation of Relative Nuclear DNA Content in Dehydrated Plant Tissues by Flow Cytometry
  • Unit 7.31 Assessment of Cell Proliferation by 5‐Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) Labeling for Multicolor Flow Cytometry
  • Unit 7.32 Polychromatic Analysis of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Using JC‐1
  • Unit 7.33 SYTO Probes: Markers of Apoptotic Cell Demise
  • Unit 7.34 Cell Proliferation Method: Click Chemistry Based on BrdU Coupling for Multiplex Antibody Staining
  • Unit 7.35 Assessment of Histone Acetylation Levels in Relation to Cell Cycle Phase
  • Unit 7.36 Click‐iT Proliferation Assay with Improved DNA Histograms
  • Unit 7.37 High‐Resolution Multiparameter DNA Flow Cytometry for the Detection and Sorting of Tumor and Stromal Subpopulations from Paraffin‐Embedded Tissues
  • Unit 7.38 Dual‐Pulse Labeling Using 5‐Ethynyl‐2′‐Deoxyuridine (EdU) and 5‐Bromo‐2′‐Deoxyuridine (BrdU) in Flow Cytometry
  • Unit 7.39 High‐Resolution Cell Cycle and DNA Ploidy Analysis in Tissue Samples
  • Unit 7.40 Zinc Fixation for Flow Cytometry Analysis of Intracellular and Surface Epitopes, DNA Content, and Cell Proliferation
• Chapter 8 Molecular Cytogenetics
  • Introduction
  • Unit 8.1 Overview of Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Techniques for Molecular Cytogenetics
  • Unit 8.2 Basic Preparative Techniques for Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
  • Unit 8.3 Probe Labeling and Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
  • Unit 8.4 Immunocytochemical Detection
  • Unit 8.5 Processing and Staining of Cell and Tissue Material for Interphase Cytogenetics
  • Unit 8.6 Advanced Preparative Techniques to Establish Probes for Molecular Cytogenetics
  • Unit 8.7 Combination DNA/RNA Fish and Immunophenotyping
  • Unit 8.8 Single‐Nucleotide Sequence Discrimination In Situ Using Padlock Probes
  • Unit 8.9 Tyramide Signal Amplification (TSA) Systems for the Enhancement of ISH Signals in Cytogenetics
  • Unit 8.10 Molecular Combing
  • Unit 8.11 Principles and Applications of PRINS in Cytogenetics
  • Unit 8.12 Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH)—Detection of Unbalanced Genetic Aberrations Using Conventional and Micro‐Array Techniques
  • Unit 8.13 Combined Immunofluorescence and FISH: New Prospects for Tumor Cell Detection/Identification
• Chapter 9 Studies of Cell Function
  • Introduction
  • Unit 9.1 Overview of Functional Cell Assays
  • Unit 9.2 Assessment of Cell Viability
  • Unit 9.3 Flow Cytometric Measurement of Intracellular pH
  • Unit 9.4 Analysis of Intracellular Organelles by Flow Cytometry or Microscopy
  • Unit 9.5 Reporters of Gene Expression: Enzymatic Assays
  • Unit 9.6 Estimation of Membrane Potential by Flow Cytometry
  • Unit 9.7 Oxidative Metabolism
  • Unit 9.8 Measurement of Intracellular Calcium Ions by Flow Cytometry
  • Unit 9.9 Intracellular Cytokines
  • Unit 9.10 Assays of Natural Killer (NK) Cell Ligation to Target Cells
  • Unit 9.11 Flow Cytometric Analysis of Cell Division by Dye Dilution
  • Unit 9.12 Reporters of Gene Expression: Autofluorescent Proteins
  • Unit 9.13 In Vitro Invasion Assays: Phagocytosis of the Extracellular Matrix
  • Unit 9.14 Flow Cytometric Analysis of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Using JC‐1
  • Unit 9.15 Multiparameter Analysis of Physiological Changes in Apoptosis
  • Unit 9.16 Signal Transduction During Natural Killer Cell Activation
  • Unit 9.17 Assessment of Surface Markers and Functionality of Dendritic Cells (DCs)
  • Unit 9.18 Stem Cell Identification and Sorting Using the Hoechst 33342 Side Population (SP)
  • Unit 9.19 Assessment of Phagocyte Functions by Flow Cytometry
  • Unit 9.20 Flow Cytometric Analysis of Calcium Mobilization in Whole‐Blood Platelets
  • Unit 9.21 Flow Cytometric Analysis of Cytokine Responses in Stimulated Whole Blood: Simultaneous Quantitation of TNF‐α‐Secreting Cells and Soluble Cytokines
  • Unit 9.22 Optimized Whole‐Blood Assay for Measurement of ZAP‐70 Protein Expression
  • Unit 9.23 Flow Cytometry of the Side Population (SP)
  • Unit 9.24 High‐Throughput Cytotoxicity Screening by Propidium Iodide Staining
  • Unit 9.25 Advanced Application of CFSE for Cellular Tracking
  • Unit 9.26 Immunophenotyping and DNA Content Analysis of Acetone‐Fixed Cells
  • Unit 9.27 Whole Blood Processing for Measurement of Signaling Proteins by Flow Cytometry
  • Unit 9.28 Measurement of Cytoplasmic to Nuclear Translocation
  • Unit 9.29 Overview of Very Small Embryonic‐Like Stem Cells (VSELs) and Methodology of Their Identification and Isolation by Flow Cytometric Methods
  • Unit 9.30 Stem Cell Side Population Analysis and Sorting Using DyeCycle Violet
  • Unit 9.31 Measurement of Phagocytosis and of the Phagosomal Environment in Polymorphonuclear Phagocytes by Flow Cytometry
  • Unit 9.32 Yeast Cell Cycle Analysis: Combining DNA Staining with Cell and Nuclear Morphology
  • Unit 9.33 Identification of Endothelial Cells and Progenitor Cell Subsets in Human Peripheral Blood
  • Unit 9.34 Amine‐Reactive Dyes for Dead Cell Discrimination in Fixed Samples
  • Unit 9.35 Detection of Intracellular Glutathione Using ThiolTracker Violet Stain and Fluorescence Microscopy
  • Unit 9.36 In Situ Proximity Ligation Assay for Microscopy and Flow Cytometry
  • Unit 9.37 Assessing Mitochondrial Redox Status by Flow Cytometric Methods: Vascular Response to Fluid Shear Stress
  • Unit 9.38 A Violet Ratiometric Membrane Probe for the Detection of Apoptosis
• Chapter 10 Data Processing and Analysis
  • Introduction
  • Unit 10.1 Data Management
  • Unit 10.2 Data File Standard for Flow Cytometry, FCS 3.0
  • Unit 10.3 Listmode Data Processing
  • Unit 10.4 Multidimensional Data Analysis in Immunophenotyping
  • Unit 10.5 Two‐Dimensional Image Processing and Analysis
  • Unit 10.6 Data Presentation
  • Unit 10.7 Data Analysis Through Modeling
  • Unit 10.8 Multivariate Analysis
  • Unit 10.9 Detection and Location of Hybridization Domains on Chromosomes by Image Cytometry
  • Unit 10.10 Three‐Dimensional Image Visualization and Analysis
  • Unit 10.11 Image Processing and 2‐D Morphometry
  • Unit 10.12 Dial‐In Flow Cytometry Data Analysis
  • Unit 10.13 The Application of Data Mining to Flow Cytometry
  • Unit 10.14 Intensity Calibration and Shading Correction for Fluorescence Microscopes
  • Unit 10.15 A Software Method for Color Compensation
  • Unit 10.16 Alternatives to Log‐Scale Data Display
  • Unit 10.17 Web‐Based Analysis and Publication of Flow Cytometry Experiments
• Chapter 11 Microbiological Applications
  • Introduction
  • Unit 11.1 Overview of Flow Cytometry and Microbiology
  • Unit 11.2 Flow Cytometry and Environmental Microbiology
  • Unit 11.3 Estimation of Microbial Viability Using Flow Cytometry
  • Unit 11.4 Sorting of Bacteria
  • Unit 11.5 Detection of Borreliacidal Antibodies by Flow Cytometry
  • Unit 11.6 Flow Cytometric Detection of Pathogenic E. coli in Food
  • Unit 11.7 Mycobacterium tuberculosis Susceptibility Testing by Flow Cytometry
  • Unit 11.8 Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing by Flow Cytometry
  • Unit 11.9 Determination of Bacterial Biomass from Flow Cytometric Measurements of Forward Light Scatter Intensity
  • Flow Cytometry of Yeasts
  • Unit 11.11 Enumeration of Phytoplankton, Bacteria, and Viruses in Marine Samples
  • Unit 11.12 DNA/RNA Analysis of Phytoplankton by Flow Cytometry
  • Unit 11.13 Cell Cycle Analysis of Yeasts
  • Unit 11.14 Flow Cytometric Assessment of Drug Susceptibility in Leishmania infantum Promastigotes
  • Unit 11.15 Resolution of Viable and Membrane‐Compromised Free Bacteria in Aquatic Environments by Flow Cytometry
  • Unit 11.16 Functional Assays of Oxidative Stress Using Genetically Engineered Escherichia coli Strains
  • Unit 11.17 Labeling of Bacterial Pathogens for Flow Cytometric Detection and Enumeration
  • Unit 11.18 Detection of Extracellular Phosphatase Activity of Heterotrophic Prokaryotes at the Single‐Cell Level by Flow Cytometry
  • Unit 11.19 Life Cycle Analysis of Unicellular Algae
• Chapter 12 Cellular and Molecular Imaging
  • Introduction
  • Unit 12.1 Comparative Overview of Flow and Image Cytometry
  • Unit 12.2 Basics of Digital Microscopy
  • Unit 12.3 Modern Confocal Microscopy
  • Unit 12.4 Time‐Lapse Microscopy Approaches to Track Cell Cycle Progression at the Single‐Cell Level
  • Unit 12.5 Three‐Dimensional Visualization of Blood and Lymphatic Vasculature in Tissue Whole Mounts Using Confocal Microscopy
  • Unit 12.6 Quantitative Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (QFISH) of Telomere Lengths in Tissue and Cells
  • Unit 12.7 Detecting Protein–Protein Interactions with CFP‐YFP FRET by Acceptor Photobleaching
  • Unit 12.8 Measuring FRET in Flow Cytometry and Microscopy
  • Unit 12.9 Live‐Animal Imaging of Renal Function by Multiphoton Microscopy
  • Unit 12.10 Detecting Protein‐Protein Interactions In Vivo with FRET using Multiphoton Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM)
  • Unit 12.11 Confocal Imaging of Cell Division
  • Unit 12.12 From In Vitro to In Vivo: Imaging from the Single Cell to the Whole Organism
  • Unit 12.13 Use of Spectral Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer to Detect Nitric Oxide‐Based Signaling Events in Isolated Perfused Lung
  • Unit 12.14 Flow Cytometric FRET Analysis of ErbB Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Interaction
  • Unit 12.15 Cryosectioning
  • Unit 12.16 Immunohistochemistry
  • Unit 12.17 Simultaneous Optical Mapping of Intracellular Free Calcium and Action Potentials from Langendorff Perfused Hearts
  • Unit 12.18 Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) Microscopy
  • Unit 12.19 3D Deconvolution Microscopy
  • Unit 12.20 Approaches to Spectral Imaging Hardware
  • Unit 12.21 From Image to Data Using Common Image‐Processing Techniques
  • Unit 12.22 Setting Up and Running an Advanced Light Microscopy and Imaging Facility
  • Unit 12.23 Photoactivation and Imaging of Optical Highlighter Fluorescent Proteins
  • Unit 12.24 Practical Methods for Molecular In Vivo Optical Imaging
  • Unit 12.25 Characterization of Surface FAS—Quantitative Morphological Analysis Using Quantitative Imaging Cytometry
• Chapter 13 Multiplexed and Microparticle‐Based Analyses
  • Introduction
  • Unit 13.1 Multiplexed Microsphere‐Based Flow Cytometric Immunoassays
  • Unit 13.2 Microsphere Surface Protein Determination Using Flow Cytometry
  • Unit 13.3 Use of Microsphere‐Supported Phospholipid Membranes for Analysis of Protein‐Lipid Interactions
  • Unit 13.4 Multiplexed SNP Genotyping Using Primer Single‐Base Extension (SBE) and Microsphere Arrays
  • Unit 13.5 BeadCons: Detection of Nucleic Acid Sequences by Flow Cytometry
  • Unit 13.6 Characterization of Nuclear Receptor Ligands by Multiplexed Peptide Interactions
  • Unit 13.7 Detection of Gene Fusions in Acute Leukemia Using Bead Microarrays
  • Unit 13.8 Reagents and Instruments for Multiplexed Analysis Using Microparticles
  • Unit 13.9 Multiplexed Detection of Fungal Nucleic Acid Signatures
  • Unit 13.10 Multiplexed Analysis of Peptide Antigen‐Specific Antibodies
  • Unit 13.11 Use of Flow Cytometric Methods to Quantify Protein‐Protein Interactions
  • Unit 13.12 Microsphere‐Based Flow Cytometry Protease Assays for Use in Protease Activity Detection and High‐Throughput Screening
• Appendix 1 Abbreviations and Useful Data
  • Appendix 1B Common Conversion Factors
• Appendix 2 Stock Solutions, Equipment, and Laboratory Guidelines
  • Appendix 2A Common Stock Solutions, Buffers, and Media
• Appendix 3 Commonly Used Techniques
  • Appendix 3A Cell Counting
  • Appendix 3B Techniques for Mammalian Cell Tissue Culture
  • Appendix 3C Diagnosis and Treatment of Mycoplasma‐Contaminated Cell Cultures
  • Appendix 3D Wright‐Giemsa and Nonspecific Esterase Staining of Cells
  • Appendix 3E Techniques for Bacterial Cell Culture: Media Preparation and Bacteriological Tools
  • Appendix 3F Growing Bacteria in Liquid Media
  • Appendix 3G Growing Bacteria on Solid Media
  • Appendix 3H Importing Biological Materials
  • Appendix 3I Production of Polyclonal Antisera
  • Appendix 3J Production of Monoclonal Antibodies
  • Appendix 3K Enzymatic Amplification of DNA by PCR: Standard Procedures and Optimization
• Appendix Suppliers

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